![]() Furthermore, binaural (dichotic or stereo) sounds can induce an auditory perception of motion ( Altman and Romanov, 1988) or the perception of sound approaching ( Okada and Hirahara, 2015). (2009) reported a spatial looming effect, in which participants exhibited skin-conductance responses, indicating that spatial perceptions of sound can evoke changes in phasic alertness and in the physiological state of the listener. The looming effect is also experienced in response to sounds that seem to approach in three-dimensional (3D) space. It was found in the previous studies that the velocity of the looming effect is influenced by two factors: the positional relationship between the participant and auditory stimuli in 3D space, and the types of sound stimuli (e.g., tonal sound, white noise, human voice, and music). Moreover, a pure tone or the tonal vowel stimulus elicited a stronger looming effect than white noise ( McCarthy and Olsen, 2017). That study termed this the looming effect, describing it as the perception of approaching sounds as more salient than receding ones ( Neuhoff, 2016). Changes in behavioral, physiological, or neurophysiological states caused by looming sounds are collectively referred to as the looming effect ( Bach et al., 2009 Tajadura-Jimenez et al., 2010).Ī recent study reported that approaching sounds can cause quicker responses than receding sounds in the simple reaction task. Looming sounds (sounds that seem to approach the hearer) are known to enhance human arousal ( Bach et al., 2009). In this paper, we define frisson as the feeling of coldness or shivering in the absence of physically cold stimulus.Ī sound that can induce subjective frisson and looming sounds may have in common. Thus, an approaching sound can be associated with frisson, regardless of the pitch of the sound (mosquitoes make a high-pitched noise and flies produce a low-pitched one). Similarly, a fly or bee buzzing in the same room as the listener, particularly around the listener's head, can have this effect. For example, the buzz of a mosquito, perceived to be approaching to or moving around the body, can induce frisson. Sound frisson is an intriguing phenomenon which we experience in our daily life. We had also observed that the subjective feelings of frisson by moving a musical sound had increased comparing with a static musical sound. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that several acoustic features of auditory stimuli, such as variance of interaural level difference (ILD), loudness, and sharpness, were correlated with the magnitude of subjective frisson. Our results demonstrated that sound-induced frisson can be experienced stronger when auditory stimuli are rotated around the head (binaural moving sounds) than the one without the rotation (monaural static sounds), regardless of the source of the noise sound. Here we explored whether it is possible to produce subjective feelings of frisson by moving a noise sound (white noise, rolling beads noise, or frictional noise produced by rubbing a plastic bag) stimulus around a listener's head. Previous studies on sound in peripersonal space have provided objective measurements of sound-inducing effects, but few have investigated the subjective experience of frisson-inducing sounds. Typical frisson-inducing sounds may contain a looming effect, in which a sound appears to approach the listener's peripersonal space. ![]() Multiple examples of frisson-inducing sounds have been reported, but the mechanism of auditory frisson remains elusive.
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